Athletic Budgets And Academic Performance Revisited

The article herein actually discusses the need for an athletics department in several educational institutions today to be able to handle the physical development needs of the students within the population. Aside from discussing the importance of the said department, it also aims to show the pros and the cons of implying the said culture in the school institutions with regards the existence of athletes and non-athletes. Undeniably, the study tries to make certain amendments on how the situation could be effectively dealt with. Certainly, the researchers aim to fix the situation through surveying the population involved in the situation thus seeing how well they could deal with the challenges of the matter. Central Theme of the Study When one considers the prospects of improved health, character development, and increased popularity, joining an organized sports team may still seem like the smart thing to do. The journal too points out that more kids are signing up for organized sports today than did any previous generation. The bad news though is that they are dropping out of these sports programs in record numbers. Usually, by the time they’re fifteen, seventy-five percent of kids who have ever played a sport have dropped out of it. Researchers say that such dropouts usually give a surprisingly simple reason for their departure: The games are no longer fun. Indeed, playing on a team can be an exhausting and time-consuming project. Seventeen magazine told its readers that simply trying out for a team may involve working â€Å"three hours a day, five days a week . . . for about one or two weeks. † If you survive that gauntlet and make the team, many more hours of workouts and practice drills are in your future. Typical is the member of a girl’s basketball team who spends over three hours a day training for her game. That time could be spent in doing something more worthwhile. Of course, many youths do not mind the grueling routine. They enjoy the fun and the challenge of perfecting their athletic skills. But there are other reasons why a large number of youths drop out of organized athletics. You need to be aware of them in order to decide whether to join a team or not. Reasons Behind the Study’s Progress Athletics are not for everyone—at least, not everyone should participate without medical supervision. Who especially need supervision? â€Å"Athletic recreation is a questionable option for the pathological hurrier, the type of person who rushes to work, rushes through lunch, and rushes home during the rush hour to rush through chores before rushing to bed. That type of person is very liable to use exercise as just another avenue of rushing to the grave. The study further points out the need of balancing the support for athletics and non-athletics within the student population thus also balancing the activity of the school as centered both on academics and athletic values as implied to the students. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Study The theme of the study had been strongly implied within the discussions. It could not be denied that the researchers actually made it certain that the issue be handled in a more specific manner that involves the examination of the situation through survey approaches. This method of the study actually makes it more applicable in actual situations that most institutions are undergoing right now. Overall Reaction to the Study Overall, the study was able to address all the necessary points of consideration that needs to be dealt with in connection with the said matter. Utilizing survey approach was indeed useful, such process of gaining information for better further applications increase the capability of the study to become highly important to the population of the society that it intends to serve. Understandably, as a scholarly article, the researchers were able to find the necessary points that needs consideration thus giving out a better result for the audience to understand the situation in a much lighter and clearer sense.

Studying The Changes Of Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay

Scientific researches over the decennaries have shown that clime alteration on our planet can happen as a consequence of both anthropogenetic causes every bit good as natural 1s. The GSA, Geological Society of America, concurs with the appraisals done by the National Research council, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) and the National Academies of Science that the planetary clime has warmed and that the activities that are human, in peculiar emanations of green house gases, is the chief perpetrator of this heating that has been taking topographic point since the mid 1900 ‘s. in order to understand how and what is bespeaking planetary heating this paper will look at climatic informations for The Wabash River Watershed that day of the months from the 1960 ‘s to the 1990 ‘s. The information comprises of both the H2O on the surface and that in the ambiance that has been planned on a monthly footing with regard to this part. This includes minimal, maxima l every bit good as the mean temperatures for the month. In add-on, informations on precipitation which includes yearss of visible radiation, entire precipitation, heavy, moderate every bit good as the entire figure of yearss of precipitation. Included besides is the H2O balance informations for existent evapotranspiration, shortage, excess and estimated H2O overflow, which is frequently a placeholder for watercourse flow informations. This information will organize a footing for the reading of temperature, precipitation and other factors and their relationship to planetary heating. Global warming deductions: climatic informations from the Wabash River Watershed Climate refers to infinite and clip forms of precipitation, air current and temperature. This differs significantly across different countries. Analyzing these alterations and their deductions on planetary heating is a scientific challenge. This is because clime alterations of course over an array of clip graduated tables, that is, from 10 ‘s of old ages ( decadal ) , 100 ‘s of old ages ( millennian ) and even longer periods referred to as glacial rhythms, for illustration, ice ages. Climate besides changes of course over a assortment of relevant particular graduated tables that is from the local and regional infinite to the planetary infinite ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 ) . By analyzing this alterations so we can be able to understand their relationship to planetary heating, an issue that is in the head of everyone ‘s attending in every facet of our society today, politically, economically, technologically and socio-culturally. The climatic alteration which can be or non be related to planetary heating frequently determines the location and type of human ecosystems that are managed by worlds such as the handiness of agricultural land and it besides affects how, when and if weathering of stones will take topographic point, the type of dirt that will be signifiers and the rate at which this dirt will be formed. Climatic alteration and consequent planetary heating besides determines the quality and measure of H2O that is available for usage by worlds every bit good as other life on the planet. More dramatically is determines how terrible storms, inundations and drouths are ( Elzen & A ; Schaeffer, 2002, p.35 ) . Average one-year temperature, Wabash River Watershed ( 1857-2007 ) The pointer shows a pronounced addition in temperature by a about a sum of 0.6 grades of the period from early 1960 ‘s to late 1990 ‘s. This calculates to about 0.02 grades addition every twelvemonth. As such this indicates that the climatic alteration in temperature in the Wabash River watershed is declarative of planetary heating. This is because the addition in temperatures is non systematic with expected alterations that occur of course over clip. Harmonizing to the Milankovitch rhythms, which indicate that the alterations in the orientation and distance of the Earth in relation to the Sun history for the Earth ‘s glacial rhythms, the Earth is really traveling in the way that should be doing major glaciations. As such the exogenous alterations that occur in the solar input as a consequence of this phenomenon are non important plenty to explicate the temperature amplitude of the fluctuations. The alteration presented is really little when compared to a glacial rhythm but the temperature additions are happening in a really high rate. This is a rate of 0.02 grades per annum as compared to o.oo13 grades Celsius per annum that occur during interglacial rhythms. These alterati ons in temperature are already more than any that have of all time been experience in the yesteryear on Earth and as such this can merely bespeak planetary heating ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 ) . Precipitation informations Numerous observations of an empirical nature and theoretical accounts concentrating on the clime in this part, Wabash River Watershed, confirms an sweetening of the hydrological rhythm in the signifier of increased surface and atmospheric H2O. This has been observed by the addition in the lower limit, maximal and mean precipitation informations: heavy, moderate visible radiation precipitation informations, every bit good as watercourse flow informations that are derived from estimated, excess and shortage H2O run off. The low strength and high frequence of the precipitation in this country has resulted in excessively much vaporization something that has been linked with the rise in evapotranspiration which in bend has caused small overflow. The effects of these have been a decrease in the ascertained and recorded river flows in the part of Wabash River Watershed. Other indexs of planetary heating in the part are in the signifier of terrible conditions. The part has experience 29 twis ter every twelvemonth with the peak months being in the months of April through June which has 63 per centum of the sum twisters ( Lee et, al. , 2001, p.110-120 ) . Research indicates that in order for the Earth to keep H2O balance, so the vaporization from the H2O organic structures around the universe have to be balanced by the precipitation into this same H2O organic structures plus the tally offs in the continentals land organic structures. The ambiance is supposed to incorporate merely 0.001 per centum of the H2O on Earth, an of import facet of the hydrologic rhythm. The addition in temperatures in this part can be attributed to the green house consequence. As such the warmer H2O surface in the part has created a vapor-pressure difference between the H2O surface and the adjacent ambiance which has enhanced the vaporization rate increasing other constituents that are in the hydrologic rhythm such as the addition in precipitation in the part ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 ) . The nexus between the sweetenings in the hydrologic rhythm with planetary heating has been drawn from legion empirical theoretical accounts and observations. For case, a planetary heating of around 4 grades Celsius is expected to bring forth precipitation additions of around 10 per centum. This addition in precipitation is in the signifier of heavier rainfall as opposed to rainfall that is more frequent or that autumn over a longer continuance. Rainfall information from this part indicate that the forms of rainfall in the part have been characterized by heavy down pours that are less frequent and normally do brassy inundations. This falls under the description of the consequence of planetary heating ( Lee et, al. , 2001, p.120 ) . The part ‘s climatic information offers extra grounds as to the alterations in the hydrologic rhythms. First the heating that has been observed in the part are about all caused by an addition in the part ‘s dark clip temperature. The minimal temperatures daily have increased at a rate that is twice that of twenty-four hours clip temperatures since 1960, this is approximately 1 degree Celsius as opposed to the 0.5 grades for the twenty-four hours clip temperatures. This has been explained to be the consequence caused by increased cloud cover and/or humidness during the dark coupled with an addition in vaporization during the say which creates a chilling consequence on the daytime land temperatures in the part ( this can be better explained by utilizing the description Idaho organic structure heat vaporizing after intoxicant is rubbed on person ‘s tegument, go forthing the organic structure ice chest after the procedure ) . As a consequence of this the effects of the planetary heating in the part such as hotter twenty-four hours have non been experienced which does non connote that there are no planetary heating effects in the part ( Lee et, al. , 2001, p.120 ) . Datas from balloon borne instrumentality ( radiosonde ) every bit good as orbiter informations in the part suggest that the norm ( average ) of H2O vapour concentration in the ambiance has markedly increased. This is indicated by an addition in the sum of precipitation that is generated by storms in the country since the 1961 through to 1990. The Wabash Watershed part has experienced an addition in rainfall sums of about 10 per centum on norm in the four decennaries from 1960 which has increased the rates of precipitation in the part. This addition in the last few decennaries is due mostly because of the disproportional addition in utmost and heavy precipitation rates. This phenomenon is consistent with the anticipations of climatic theoretical accounts. The climatic information in this part indicate that rainfall tends to be more when the norm ( average ) temperature in a month is recorded as being above normal. This is consistent with the anticipations from climatic theoretical acc ounts that have been designed to picture the rate of planetary warming Another index of planetary warming consequence on the climatic conditions of the Wabash River Watershed is the addition in the strength of the storms that have been experienced in the part over the past few decennaries. This has been associated with the atmospheric forepart that is found in the Northern hemisphere ( Lee et, al. , 2001, p.126 ) . An sweetening of the hydrological rhythm in itself has been indicated as an foil of planetary warming through assorted mechanisms. On of the mechanisms is stated as the water-vapor feedback. Water vapour by itself is a major nursery gas and as such contributes to 36-70 per centum of the entire heating of the Earth ‘s surface and lower ambiance by absorbing and breathing of the infrared radiations. In add-on to this, Storms in the part have become really frequent in the last few decennaries, this presents the part with cloud screen that is deep or at least high, the effect of this is that the increased cloud cover Acts of the Apostless to heat up the planet underneath it ensuing in higher temperatures experienced. The ground for this is that deep or high clouds cut down the sum of surpassing long moving ridge radiation to higher extent than the short moving ridge radiation that is incoming into the Earth ‘s atmosphere lending to planetary heating as such. Clouds have a dif ferent consequence from H2O vapour on radiations because they are made up of liquid H2O or ice ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 ) . Snow autumn and thaw informations Datas in the part sing snow autumn and the thaw of the snow indicate that t the day of the months of the last hoar in the spring are coming earlier each twelvemonth. This can be contributed to a rise in temperatures which is dissolving the ice faster. This is further strengthened by the fact that the yearss in a twelvemonth cheapness can be considered the turning seasons, warm plenty to turn harvests have besides been on the addition. Projected information from this climatic information indicate that the length of summer will go on to increase at a steady rater if the present conditions ate still maintained. This is a typical feature of the planetary heating phenomenon ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 ) . Decision It is clear that all the climatic alterations that have been experienced in the last few decennaries may hold occurred in the past of course and likely even during times of that can non be considered as planetary heating periods. Climatic alterations represent a complex phenomenon that can hold multiple causal agents. While the forms are consistent with a clime that is progressively warmer, it is presently impossible to province that a individual climatic event such as a storm event is as a consequence of planetary heating. However, informations over a long period of clip does supply a background on which we can province that the climatic alterations and the events that come with it in the part of Wabash River Watershed are in fact as a consequence of planetary heating.

Ethical Theory on Cyberslacking Affect on It Industry Essay

Cyberslacking a term used to describe employees who surf the net for their personal use such as writing e-mail or indulging in other internet-related activities at work that are not related to their jobs. These activities are performed during periods of time when they are being paid by their employer. The individual who perform such work is known as Cyberslacker while the whole act is called Cyberslacking. In contrast Robert Nozick (1974) state that â€Å"Rights-based ethical theory assumes that individuals have certain entitlements that should be respected such as freedom of speech, the right of privacy, and due process†. It describes about developing a moral system that identifies the right of others and behaves accordingly to that rights. As high speed internet is basic requirements for the IT industry for their development, some employee may be misusing the facility for their personal purpose stating that they are doing multitasking. Workers in company spending time on internet for the personal use sending emails, surfing internet, shopping online are the common issue faced by today’s IT industry . As e-mail and high-speed Internet access have become standard-issue office equipment, uncontrolled abuse of computers in the workplace is affecting the productivity. For company, Cyberslacking is becoming a distributive and a complex problem in the IT industry. Different type of employee can prosecute in Cyberslacking, it is usually shows that employees in lower positions in the organisation with access of internet and their higher status colleagues, such as manager, are the main offenders. I strongly believe that most of the company get strongly affected by Cyberslacking. The time employees misuse the resources, but for which they are paid, as well as the company paying the internet charges and electricity bills and equipment are properly considered objects of theft. Something of economic value of company has obviously been stolen know as indirect theft so sorting out all these issue within company is very complicated. Cyberslacking effect the IT Company your work its productivity ,Higher wages ,economy ,increase network traffic ,staff member ,efficiency and security . Some company use different kind of softwares to monitor their workers. These programs can record every keystroke an employee types, even capturing words that the individual later erases. The same software tracks which Web sites a worker visits, and issues an alert when an employee begins surfing an X-rated website. Installation of proxy servers to prevent programs from accessing resources like Chat, Instant Messenger, or some online shopping and gambling services. Now monitoring the workers raise the question invasion of privacy of workers. As it is seems to be perfectly legal to monitor the workers while working in IT Company. While morally a workers think it is right to surf the internet as the working hours constantly invade their homes as they put the hours of effort for their office works. So it is the perfect situation where right based ethical issue describe two types of contract one is legal contracts where other is moral contracts . Both contracts are based on rights of individual or groups and both compel about the respecting the rights. As worker think doing no harm to company by using the office resources for their personal use. As social contract include the rights for workers or individual such freedom of speech, the right of privacy, the right for vote, the right of access to basic education and the right of access of health care . Also IT Company got its own rules and regulation which is need to followed by workers with in company. So there is a maximum chance of conflict between rights of worker within company and as an individual. Respecting the others right and using individual right effectively might help to minimise this problem. There are only individual people, different individual people, with their own individual lives. Using one of these people for the benefit of others uses him and benefits the others. What happens is that something is done to him for the sake of the others. Talk of an overall social good covers this To use a person in this way does not sufficiently respect the fact and take account of the fact that he is a separate person, that his is the only life he has. So as an individual if some one follow the rights of individual there is always a maximum chance of more Cyberslacking . As he give more priority to his own rights and giving minimum priority to IT Company Rights. There are some positive and negative rights on these issues, negative rights which need to be protected from interference e. g. right to vote, right to privacy. And negative right should be respected by the action of individual who abuse these rights. So in IT Company there should be some guidelines for addressing such issue so that workers will focus on company productivity rather than wasting their time in cyber world . Positive rights require positive action it is also known as welfare right such as right to basic education. Providing basic education and basic health care rights for workers with in company maximise the bonding between IT Company and its workers. As workers feel that their company addressing the basic health and education rights for them so they emotionally attached with the company. As we know ACS codes of ethics state that one should be places the interest of public above your personal choice. So as employee of IT Company own should place the interest of company above his personal interest. So giving the priorities to the company work rather Surfing internet using social networks while in work . ACS also address the issue of honesty, competence, professional development and professionalism . So if an employee are honest they should be give the priority for the works when they are working for company. Be honest with your company and yourself. Follow the rules and regulation of your company . More you work for company more professional and experience are the workers and increase their professional development . Competing and developing the professionalism in the company will help to minimise the Cyberslacking Legal rights such as company rights designed by the lawmakers of the company which should be followed by the employee and employers of the company should address the issue such as penalizing the employee if they caught using office resources for their personal use. While rewarding employee who gives the information about others using an internet for personal purpose. Beneficial rights, welfare rights for the employee so that they focus on the company productivity . While moral rights for individual who respects the others right which is decided by the workers culture and the relationship between company and other workers. Morally supporting your company for the better productivity. A set of moral rules to govern the workers in the company is useful for addressing such issues. And a company capable of forcing these rights and rules would be beneficial for both company and employee. So it helps in developing common goods within company which eventually help to reduce a Cyberslacking in the IT Company. So in conclusion Cyberslacking affect the IT Company by minimising its productivity as company workers focus on their personal issues using office resources and giving minimum effort for the company goals. Company using different kind of software to monitor minimize it. Right based theory uses two concept legal rights and moral rights . Balancing the legal rights and moral rights in the company rules and regulation will help to minimise the Cyberlacking . Addressing ACS code of ethics to develop a legal right of the company is useful for this issue. However there is always out chance that moral responsibilities that exist out side the legal responsibilities. Using positive rights to implement the legal rights and minimising the negative rights to implement moral rights with the help of ACS code of ethics certainly help to reduce the Cyberslacking. At the end With the help ACS code of ethics and Right based ethical cyberslacking is not permitted In IT Company.

Inmates Working for Private Industries Assignment

Inmates Working for Private Industries - Assignment Example Studies have also shown that prisoners that undergo these programs are also less likely to commit crime and find themselves back in prison than those who do not participate in such programs (Atkinson & Rostad, 2003). There are also advantages in that this sort of arrangement allows American companies to produce goods at much reduced labor costs while at the same time producing truly â€Å"made in America† goods and reduces the transfer of labor to China and other parts of the world. There are also a few cons to these programs. Especially with the current recession and general high unemployment rates for the rest of the American population, prison labor provides unfair competition in the job market since the inmates take jobs that would otherwise be done by the out of prison population (Associated Press, 2012). The programs have also been accused of being exploitative of the inmates in that they are paid salaries that are well below the minimum rate. There are many examples of such types of programs. In South Carolina for example, employees from the Evans and Leath Correctional facilities work for the Escod Industries, a division of Insilco, a Columbus, Ohio based fortune 500 companies where they manufacture of electronic cables that are then sold to companies such as IBM and the Canadian-based Northern Telecom Corporation. In California, Trans World Airlines employs inmates from the California Youth Authority’s Ventura Training School for youthful offenders to take phone enquiries and schedule routes for their customers throughout the United States while in Phoenix Arizona, Best Western Internationals’ hotel reservations center was operated from the Arizona Correctional Facility for Women (Sexton, n.d.). A lot of these programs are very successful, usually far surpassing their objectives and meeting and exceeding expectations. The programs not only result in both the inmates, the organizations and the prison management

What options do the elderly have for housing and what is the best Research Paper

What options do the elderly have for housing and what is the best option - Research Paper Example Knowing this, we come to realization that there will be an increased need for a vast array of different types of housing. The choice of the living arrangements largely depends on the capabilities and needs of the individual. Despite needs for changes, there are things, specific to aging that do not change. Throughout the retirement time the individual will likely have smaller income, and his problems with health are likely to increase. According to statistics, those who live to age 65, on average are likely to live to over 80 years, which makes about 15 - 20 years of life after the retirement. That is a long enough period of time, which presents its challenges: economical, health and psychological pressure, etc. This often leads to the necessity of changing the housing situation a number of times during the time between the onset of retirement and death. To get information on the available housing options for elderly, to determine what are the options preferred and recommended, we lo oked into variety of sources such as articles, congress Acts, governmental and non-governmental Internet resources. Study of the sources provided both the clear description of the problem of housing for elderly as well as wide variety of options of solving the problem. There are many reasons of why the senior citizens might have issues about the housing. However, as the professor McFadden summed it up: â€Å"The main issues in housing the elderly in the United States are affordability and suitability.† (Noguchi, p.109) Once a person or household gets retired, they face the fact that their income will get significantly lower than on the peak of their life. The Government provides senior citizens with Social Security income, private pensions, and public assistance programs. All of these will enable most elderly not to live in poverty. However, the more they age, the less income they will receive. Other issues such as healthcare and quality of life will become more urgent as wel l. Therefore the housing itself will become a problem. The society at large is aware of this problem and significantly contributed to its solving. As of now, elderly citizens have different options to accommodate their housing needs. When considering housing options, the first question is if in-home care is possible. The best advantage for the elderly is that he would stay in the most comfortable place – their own home, and the care givers, such as medical assistant or companion and helper in the home comes to the house. However, this option can too costly. According to the Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968) and The Housing for Older Persons Act of 1995(HOPA), there are two basic federal strategies to accommodate housing needs of the elderly. One of them is building new public complexes. This project is under supervision of Section 202 HUD governmental department. The other strategy is to assess the needs of residents through the governmental fundin g. However, there is large percentage of senior citizens, who will not use federal assistance in solving their housing situation. They do have many options to choose from. All of those options have one big disadvantage to the elderly – they will have to permanently leave their home and start living in a totally new environment. For some, it will be difficult to adjust. Considering housing options, these are the main factors of concern of senior citizens or their relatives: safety issues, location – to be close enough to their children; availability of transportation; challenging inside house set up – staircases, facilities matching to the need and ability of the senior; present house is too big or too costly to maintain, etc. â€Å"Seniors Only† complexes or communities These are apartment complexes,

Black Women in Science Fiction Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Black Women in Science Fiction Movie - Essay Example Previously, the depiction of African-American actresses played lesser roles compared to that which she acted, as Uhura. This included roles as housekeepers. She is notably among the first African-American writers to appear on TV show with whites. She played such roles celebrated by all fans and had similar treatment as that of other characters from other races. She also featured in science-fiction series. All the fans of Star Trek enjoyed her role, with celebration and embracement (Kilgore 22). This notably led to the integration of multiculturalism. This is where characters, from diverse races and gender featured in different roles, in science fictions and TV shows. There is a feeling of equality in such a case, and prejudice does not control. In the movie, she had the first on-screen kiss. William Shatner kissed her in Star Trek (1966) depicting a kiss between a black and a white on television in America. She was one of the first black actress to visit the Hollywood’s Chines e theatre. She became the first Black-American receive an award for the Hollywood Walk of fame. This came in 1992. Her appearance in the Star Trek was made with DeForest Kelly. He appeared in other episodes, in other different scenes. She appeared with Leonard Nimoy. This was in the Star Trek (1973). She also featured with Futurama. This was in Star Trek (1999). Apart from acting, she is a singer and a dancer. She returned to singing, in 1992. She produced the song, the Reflections. This was a one-woman musical show. Nichelle has a series of awards. She, in 1980, was nominated for being the best supporting actress. This was the Satiurn Award. In 2007, she had the TV Land Award. She won the award together with William, for sharing the first interracial kiss on TV. In 2006, she was nominated for the TV Land award. She won the ward, once again, with William for the most memorable kiss. In 1992, she won an award the Star on the Walk of Fame. Her role in as an officer in NASA is remarkab le. She worked at NASA during the period from the 1970s and proceeded up to 1987. Her mandate was concerned with recruitment. She recruited hopefuls of astronaut (Shayler and Moule 151). Her remembrance during this post was her recruitment of hopefuls from minority groups, cultures and ethnicities. She recruited remarkable figures. This includes the famous G. Bluford. This was the first African-American to be a male astronaut. She also recruited S. Ride. Other top performers of the time came to be recruited during her time. J. Resnik was one of the people who survived when the launch of the Challenger. This was in 1986, January. She also recruited R. McNair, who was a victim of the catastrophe that occurred during the launch of the challenger. Her role in recruiting minority groups was a successful avenue. Her list of recruits was very diverse and considerate to minority groups and other ethnic groups that experienced alienation earlier before that. This furthered the prosperity of the initiative. According to McBride, the role was plausible. It is noteworthy that, during the production of Star Trek, there was a move by civil rights activists. The move aimed at reversing the situation that brought about segregations and oppressions of the blacks. Martin Luther King was a notable leader in the movement (Finkelman 439). By the time the science fiction appeared on NBC, the movement had been at its peak. Racial violence and the fight against economic oppression were among the top agendas of

Research paper on Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research paper on Global Warming - Essay Example It is high time to introduce punitive laws which may protect us from polluting the atmosphere. It is also time to plant as many trees as possible in order to restore the damage done to the atmosphere. Third World Countries and the developing countries sacrifice environmental protection and all related provisions for the sake of infrastructure and manufacturing build up and growth of the national gross domestic product. It is obvious, though, that atmospheric pollution (which is synonymously referred to as air pollution) is not a matter of domestic concern only, because it has no official boundaries and contributes to general worsening of global ecological situation. Global warming is widely discussed nowadays in all areas of human activity and on all levels of government, because ozone layer depletion and greenhouse effect are both direct consequences of chemical emissions in the atmosphere. It may seem at the first sight that human factor is determinative and the only one responsible for current atmospheric pollution; in fact, both natural and man-made sources contribute to air pollution. However, no one will deny that humanity produced a devastating effect on all natural resources due to increased levels of their consumption and exploitation. In order to decrease atmospheric pollution and to guarantee future effectiveness and stability of this reduction, it is necessary to implement specific mitigation strategies. This research paper aims at the description of the notion of global warming and of the way it may affect life on the planet. The possible solutions of the problem (within the limits of mitigation plan) are to be suggested, supported by the analysis of the mitigation strategies that are now in action on both global and national levels. 2. Global Warming- A Global menacw The amount of atmospheric pollution people produce is too high, thus, it is necessary to apply effective measures to minimize the negative ecological outcome that industrialized society is to blame for. There are several sources of air pollution, however the most powerful and directly linked to human activity are fuel combustion (cars) and industrial emissions. Automobiles' exhaust gases constitute a large portion of the overall global atmospheric pollution. As far as the developed countries are concerned, vehicles emit more pollutants in the atmosphere if compared with industry. "On a global scale, cars emit about 300 million tones of toxic exhaust gases into the atmosphere each year" (Climate in Cities: Fuel Combustion During Energy Production and Transportation 2009). The exhaust gases produced by vehicles' petrol engines contain many pollutants, such as nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and a certain amount of solid particles. Nitric oxide is responsible for the growth of so called petrochemical fogs that result from the gasoline exhaust gases exposure to sunlight. In particular, ozone, as the product of petrochemical reactions, emerges as a result of nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide exposure to sunlight. For the larger part of the twentieth century vehicles burnt fossil fuels with comparatively high concentration of

Oprah Winfrey Talk Show Furror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oprah Winfrey Talk Show Furror - Essay Example The talk shows like any other new television genre were an assortment of old programming forms; many of them were aired at daytime. They were mostly geared towards women issues and their roots can be traced back to Arthur Godfrey and Art Linkletter. The shows also reflected their times; Phil Donahue daytime talk show began at the inception of the women’s movement. He tackled women’s issues such as artificial insemination, sexism and homosexuality and was capable of breaking the barrier between the host and the audience. However, his popularity dwindled when Oprah Winfrey began her show in 1983. Use of therapeutic sensibility gave her an advantage over Donahue. The style used by Oprah was unique; she focused on revealing problems, improvement of self-esteem, use of empathy as a cure and empowering women. She wept openly, hugged guests, and said goodbye to each of the member of the studio audience in person. She was able to walk in between the races (cultural bilingualism) thus she was capable of having a coalition of audiences. Imitators of Oprah emerged as her success became evident and they employed similar skills as hers; even Donahue was tackling similar topics like Oprah’s. A survey done on the talk shows by Michigan State University Researchers revealed similar characteristics in all the talk shows. There was a feeling of little attention and credit among the supporters of these shows for their contribution in neglected matters such as family dysfunction and race. The shows were characterized by traditional values and conventional view of morality; a show heavily influenced by empathy for victims. Political influence in these shows cannot be ignored. Clinton appeared in Donahue in a talk-show presidency during the 1992 campaigns; a similar talk-show was done with H. Ross Perot and George Bush in the same year. The key point of these shows was to persuade the victims/audience to feel their pain as a

2007-2009 Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2007-2009 Financial Crisis - Essay Example As many companies have struggled to cope with this crisis, large numbers of people have been deprived of their jobs. It is seen that hundreds of people working in different fields lost their works during the crisis, and it resulted in poor economic growth. Shi and Singh (2011) pointed out that, â€Å"During the 2007-2009 recession, the unemployment rate in the United States topped 10 %, the highest it had been in the 26 years† (p. 545). So, the crisis has made unemployment worse for many people as it has become more difficult to find a new job. To be specific, many companies have been reluctant to hire any new people. The financial crisis caused to decline in international trade, and finally led the nation towards unemployment. At the same time, the financial crisis was worldwide, with European banks and markets as severely affected as those in the United States. The crisis checked the growth of total economies, and international trade declined and collapsed. Kaar (2009) made it clear that, â€Å"As at the present time the world can be regarded as a closed economy with highly integrated global markets, the unanimity in pessimism, the widespread fall in consumer confidence and the new credit restrictions soon had devastating effects on numerous countries real economies and forced thousands of healthy businesses around the globe and across all industries into financial troubles† (p. 27). So, one can see that the economic crisis resulted in global stagnation. Besides, the crisis affected the smooth functioning of the banking system in the U.S. It questioned the stability of many banks. For in stance, financial institutions like New Century Financial and Ameriquest faced insolvency. MacEwan and Miller(2011) stated that, â€Å"On September 15, Legman Brothers, in existence since 1850, declared bankruptcy† (p. 110). In short, most of the financial institutions were forced to undergo crisis and suffered trillions of dollars in losses. Summing

Why College Education Is Important to Me Essay Example for Free

Why College Education Is Important to Me Essay Why College Education is important to me?, Its so important to me because it ONE of the most pompous thing you need in this world today to get somewhere in life, and survive so you can support yourselves, and yours kids. When I see the words â€Å"College Education† First thing pop up in my Mind is my Mother Smile, able to make her proud!, Not to be worried about her little baby-girl taking on this big world By herself. And to able to give her a little peace of mind that â€Å"I can† survive and support myself because I finished my College Education to get a Higher paying job and not Struggle. Another good reason why College Education is so important to me so I can be a Motivation for my younger sibling also nieces and nephew to see me â€Å"FINISHED† College to persuade them to follow in my footsteps to help them in their own lives, and be a inspiration for them, so that one day they realize that its not as hard as some people make it seems, that if you put your mind into it and have faith anything is possible When I Finished High-school I knew that it wasn’t enough!, I knew a high school diploma wasn’t going to get me so far, but a Job in a fast-food restaurant or a sale clerk at a local store, and maybe a Apartment that I have to work two jobs to just pay all my bills and live, that’s not the life I wanted to choose for myself, so when I think about the words â€Å"College Education† I imagine myself working at good paying job with benefits or owning my OWN business, I see myself being a Homeowner and specially when I have kids able to pay for them when they go off to college. I wish kids nowadays in this generation will understand a college education Is very important to achieve your dreams, in order to have better life, because children today need to know with a education you can be ANYTHING in life, they can be the next President of United State Of America if they finished college and have some motivations, so I hope for myself getting my Bachelor Degree in business show my friends and family anybody can or go  back to school to Finished can be successful. A College education can get you so Far in life just with a little motivation from knowing that a better education means a better job, better self-confidence and more motivation to achieve my goals in the job career that I have chosen. I feel achieving a college degree will help me climb up the ladder in the job I choose when I finished getting my Degree, I also feel that going after my dreams and achieving my goals and showing determination will help for my Future kids as they grow up to do the same. The most important things In my life is God, faith, Family, and my education to reach high to complete all my goals. Jim Rohn Quoited: â€Å"Unless you change how you are you will always have what you got.† I really like this quote because it speaks the truth if you don’t change the situation you in now, couple years later down the road you’ll be in the same situation procrastinating. Another Quote from Brian Tracy Quoited â€Å"One of the marks of successful people is they are action oriented. One of the marks of average people is they are talk oriented.† this quote speaks to me, it saying that action speaks, you can talk, or you can prove yourself by your actions, for me my actions is getting a college education, so that I dont have to talk, but let my actions speaks for itself.

The Phenomenon Of Gated Communities Cultural Studies Essay

The Phenomenon Of Gated Communities Cultural Studies Essay This paper explores the subject of gated communities being a globally prevalent urban or quasi-urban form: which relatively recently have rapidly become widespread within Polish cities. The authors interest in studying the topic arose from a genuine concern over the future of metropolitan layouts and how they are worryingly being determined by the rising number of fortified enclaves. The tendency of enclosing communities does not only apply to new housing, but also existing streets, apartments built in the past, standalone buildings, and whole residential districts. Blakely and Snyder (1999) describe these communities as a new form of discrimination, an economical one. Earlier, ones social status has been asserted by the architectural density of parts of the city and architectural ornamentation of the buildings. However, gated communities are heading one step further underlining the economical segregation by creating physical barriers defending the accessibility, privatise the public space and social living aspects such as safety (private security instead of police care), educational and communal service. More often inhabitants of those housing estates sweep past through their secured public spaces to similar ones in their work place, mega stores, or recreational centres. Gated communities are creating a new, private world which turns into an insular environment (Zaborska 2006). Alternatively, Jacek GƦdecki (2009: 25) believes that a fine line should be established between global and local processes, as there are GC examples which faultlessly adapt to their local: urban, social, economic and cultural conditions and are frequently well perceived. Using both descriptive and predictive approaches the subject has been investigated through gathered literature, resident interviews, analytical research of existing gated communities in Poland and case studies of existing gated communities in Poland, which the author has personally examined through frequent site visits and numerous examples of daily press columns in which the discourse has grown greatly over the past decade. The reader has to acknowledge that the bountifulness and ambiguity of local and international discourses illustrate that Gated Communities come into existence from diverse rationales and are creating different types of social realities (GƦdecki 2009: 66) Therefore, the authors aim is to prove that living in an enclosed community in Poland creates only an illusion of safety, and that building fortresses is turning away from the real problem. The middle class living amongst themselves stops grasping concerns the whole society should deal with. Building an enclosed world, ghettos available for selected citizens, elite housing estates, where admission is forbidden to lower social classes, which in effect could lead to the growing frustration among the lower class. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) I got a letter today, a letter from a friend He writes mate, youve betrayed, gained a pile of cash and weight You no longer travel by tram, times have changed so much I guess you dont remember me anymore, apparently you live in luxury You must have forgot, whats a crowded bus like (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszczyk, Z. (1997): T.Love Komercja (Commercialism) PHENOMENON ORIGINS The common definition of gated communities refers to a physical area seceded off its urban context with fenced or walled barriers and access routes patrolled by an around the clock security (Landman 2000). Although the elements separating these enclaves from the outside world are comparable, the basis for this happening is not common and is directly related to its setting (GƦdecki 2009: 66). Blakely and Snyder (1999) describing the growing number of enclosed communities in USA, named three types, different because of the inhabitancy motif and type of habitants: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lifestyle- inhabited by people living in a specified lifestyle (for instance: golf enthusiasts, retired people etc.)- designed for giving wealthier people amenities they could not find elsewhere à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prestige- underlining the adhesion to a higher class à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Security- creating a feeling of physical and social safety GƦdecki (2009: 23) citing Landman uses the category of race and power when explaining the spread of GCs in apartheid. This is one of the most extreme examples, as these are a by-product of a totalitarian regime in which people were forced to separation rather than the indicated being a matter of choice. However, the appearance and investigation of gated communities does not relate solely to North American countries. In 1980s and 1990s this new movement started reaching large European cities of Spain, France and Portugal, as well as South African, Chinese, Central and Eastern European metropolises (PolaÅ„ska 2010: 423). In the latter, the reason for gating enclaves happening and the urban economic transformation had a close relation to the 1989 collapse of the Communist-led administrations and socio-political transformation to post-communist / capitalist systems. The economic conversion from command economy towards a free market orientated, thereby the upward importance and rapid enrichment of middle and upper class citizens and more visible cleavages between the rich and the poor (PolaÅ„ska 2010: 421), materialized in the ubiquitous quasi-urban form of Gated Communities. It has been over twenty years since the Capitalist system has been introduced in Poland. In numerous articles and publications, one can observe the tendency of typecasting the communist state as the bad and the capitalist as good, whereas good and bad sides can be distinguished in both. Therefore, the past two decades and the current states condition needs reflecting upon some unfulfilled expectations and unwanted changes in societys behaviours, inherently associated with its political transformation. Architectural propensities of XX century Poland, before the 1939 Third Reich armed conflict and immediately following USSR aggression under the Ribbentrop-Molotov alliance covenant, were not exceptionally different from European tectonic tendencies. Instantly after the occupation of Warsaw, Nazi Germany introduced the Pabst Plan. Performed under the leadership of the newly appointed Chief Architect Friedrich Pabst, the novel development plan anticipated demolition of the majority of the capitals built environment to transform it into a provincial town with the sole purpose of being a centre for the German elite and a strategic transport hub. The five-year German occupation led to the demolition of entire neighbourhoods and Polish cultural monuments (NDAP: 2011), as well as the destruction of communities by forcing certain members of society into enclosed ghettos and slums. The Countrys revival came with the end of II World War under the Soviet sphere of influence (Majewski, n.d.). This coincided with the introduction of socialist realism to Poland. Originated in 1930s the soviet art movement socialist realism became the only legitimate method of artistic creation exhibiting and applauding comrade ideologies, thereby becoming one of the main Communist parties propaganda tools (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 4). This politically radical movement has been initially introduced by BolesÅ‚aw Beirut the first leader of the Peoples Republic of Poland and the head of state from 1947 during the 1949 PZPR (Polish United Workers Party) Warsaw Conference, during which the Six-year plan for Warsaws reconstruction has been announced. The capital reconstructed during the interwar period has been described as unfortunate, because built to satisfy each tenement house owners lust of wealth, whereas the owner himself, as an exploiter and speculator, peoples antagonist opposing the forming of the new Warsaw as the capital of the socialist state. The proletariat supporters proclaimed patronage over the oppressed workers class by putting the perfect city plan into effect and improving their purportedly poor pre-war living conditions. States main objective became the salvage of its commons, forced to inhabit deprived of light basement apartments and top tenement stories facing gloomy courtyards in favor of the capitalist bourgeoisie all inclusive first floor flats. The establishment of the societys new socialist realism order depended upon undertaking drastic changes in the urban built form. A great number of survived historic tenement houses, which endured the II World War air bombardment of Nazi Germany planes and Pabst Plan cleansing, have been scheduled for demolition to make way for the implementation of realistic works of architecture, corresponding to the high culture and art of socialism, material and spiritual needs of the nations development (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 3-4). Interacting and radiating the whole country will accelerate and intensify the creative effort of socialist construction in the remotest and most neglected neighborhoods and parts of the state. BolesÅ‚aw Bierut From: Marzenie o idealnym mieņºcie Warszawa socrealistyczna (The dream of a perfect city social realistic Warsaw) (2006) (translation: Author) However, the decimation of a great part of eclectic, art nouveau and inter-war edifices was not the only transition the new socialist society had to face. Along with the introduction of the autonomous directive certain behavioural habits were planned to be imposed on future inhabitants. It was believed that the cities urban built form needed to fulfil solely the realistic needs of their occupants. The capitalist individualism has been openly criticized, which became most apparent in both city planning and individual residential layouts. The new Warsaw cannot be a repetition of the former. It cannot be only merely improved, or become a revised repetition of the prewar community of private interests of the capitalist society BolesÅ‚aw Bierut (1949) The dream of a perfect city social realistic Warsaw (2006) (translation: Author) In this manner, the socialist realism clique endeavoured to create truly inspiring urban settings, spaces of communal interaction filled to the brim with public squares, culture houses, public dining rooms, arcades and colonnades, opposed to cramped tenement houses apartments void of cooking, laundry and drying facilities emphasising the elevated ranks of its novel social movement with its monumentality, and at the same time despotically dictating national collectiveness. Therefore the quest for rooting the national familiarity met with great public criticism. The social realist vision of a unified state has been withdrawn when the communist demiurges realised their failure in communicating socialist characteristics of processes occurring in life, or life processes that are not perfectly socialist. (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 5-8). The social realist thaw in the communist bloc countries followed the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. Stalinist dictatorship, cult of personality and the total submission of USRR polity have been criticized by the new The Central Committee of Polish United Workers Party leader- Nikita Khrushchev. Berated form of mastery has been sentenced to the Orwellian evaporation in the commanders 1956 Personality Cult and its Consequences paper, which called for the continuity of the autonomous state system, exclusive of the condemned citizen/fellow dignitary terror governance and courteous coexistence of communist and capitalist worlds. (Tomaszewska: n.d.) The reprove of the cult of personality along with the socialist functionalism ideology in search of an alternative to the extremely expensive architecture of socialist realism, unable to cope with the increasing demand for residential buildings, has found reflection in modernist planning and mass-produced prefabricated architecture. Thereafter, multi-storey concrete slab estates began to dominate the majority of Polish cities skylines, thus rising to the occasion and repairing the housing shortage situation, as well as becoming the novel urban form showcasing the socialist pursuit of civilians living conditions uniformity and standardization (Wieteska 2007). Ironically, the example comes from the top saying was not applied in spreading the social classless ideology, where the party nomenclature voluntarily isolated themselves from the rest of the society by inhabiting closed off palaces and fenced edifices (GƦsior-Niemiec: 2007 et al.). These estates were and still are in disrepute for their crowded layouts, poor quality concrete construction caused by the accelerated process of hardening and inefficient thermal properties (Semczuk: 2010). Despite this, one needs to acknowledge that its creation was the best solution at the time to the housing shortage in a country tumbled-down by perpetual wars and occupations. The hitherto flourishing construction sector stalled due to 80s economic crisis. Failure in repaying foreign loans taken in Western countries, by implication foreign debt growth, stalled a great number of domestic investments. Deteriorating housing market, working conditions and rocketing goods prices caused a flurry of protests, which subsequently led to the formation of the Solidarity union. This succession of events forced the Communist Party to conduct negotiations, resulting in the 1989 cessation of dominance and transfer of power to the reactivated chamber of deputies and presidency (Madej: 2005). Transformation of the political system, foreign capital inflow and newly introduced law amendments, mainly citizenship and establishment freedom, allowed the replacement of the heavily indebted state-building co-operatives with private property companies. Moving away from the ubiquitous communist times typification, the diversity of available built materials and developed technology has allowed for the implementation of various architectural concepts (Communist times construction: 2010). Majewski (n.d) distinguished three stages in the history of Polish architecture after the fall of communism. In the first period, a vast quantity of buildings designed by Western architects was built. The small group of emerged developers sought to achieve rapid return on their investment; therefore these buildings are characterized by poor quality of workmanship and the use of building materials. The second period was characterized by the growth and stabilization of the countrys economy. Hence the e mergence of many new development agencies and a range of architectural design companies to choose from. Third near the end of the 90s the economy continued to grow strong and became brimful of large scale developers. Companies exposed to construction sector competition were forced to introduce more attractive offers and marketing promotions in order to acquire new customers. PolaÅ„ska (2010: 427) remarks the stereotypical classification used: the tendency of negatively portraying the old as the time of contemporarily loathed prefabricated concrete slab estates and the new as the period of residential wealth and freedom. GƦsior-Niemiec (2007:6) on the other hand juxtaposes this fact with citizens growing income and statutory disparities, lack of confidence in the states inefficiency and inability to ensure security. As a consequence the capitalist system and its social stratification and secure lifestyle have been introduced in the form of Gated Communities. According to Katarzyna Zaborska (2006) the main reason for fencing the communities in Poland is the exigency of security. Enclosed fenced enclaves could be the reaction to long years of regnant communism, when personal ownership was stigmatized, and is coming back in an exaggerated form of fortified apartments. The propensity of Communist Poland was to merge social layers in communal apartments, which fuelled growing frustration and could be another factor that triggered the exigency of isolation and underlining affiliation to a higher social category. Coexistence of areas inhabited by people with different incomes results in the feeling of endangerment within wealthier citizens. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) When Im looking in your eyes, which are so tired as mine Im loving this city, which is tired as I Where Hitler and Stalin did their stuff (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszczyk, Z. (1994): T.Love Warszawa (Warsaw) URBAN SUSTAINABILITY AT RISK The public realm is defined as all those areas that are publicly owned and unreservedly accessible to citizens, generally at all times of the day and night (Ritzer: 2007). Tridib Banerjee (2007: 155) citing Lynch defines these territories as ones being accessible both physically and psychologically, consecutively underlining how vital such spaces are in creating successful urban environments, merrily and constantly occupied by the public. In this context and specifically with regard to the fact that a great deal of human occupation and interaction occur around and within: streets, lanes, routes, paths, parks, open spaces as well as public and civic buildings, one would anticipate coherent and legible movement strategies within and across urban blocks. Unfortunately, in the absence of adequate capital funds, by implication failure to provide sufficient city expansions, the majority of Central and Eastern European states had to rely on private sector financial support. (GƦdecki: 2009 et al.) In her paper, PolaÅ„ska (2010) aptly grasps the lost boundary between public and private spaces in connection with Polands socio-political and economic revolution. The abolishment of the Communist regime inevitably transformed the heretofore equal societys social status to a novel social stratification. This public cleavage profoundly underlined public position inequalities between individuals, consequently stretching social distances, in effect: triggering the feeling of hostility amongst lower and upper class citizens. In this manner, Jane Jacobs (1961) social capital theory relating to the significance of relationships and interactions in order to create a strong sense of community has been altered significantly. The term social capital refers to a network of collective bonds inscribed in the social structure of a community. The author stresses the importance of these social interactions and their contribution to shaping neighborhood connections, trust, everyday sociability and most importantly diversity (Jacobs: 1961). In the case of gated communities, the spread of this citizenship co-operation and collective responsibility is being limited spatially, by detaching whole residential districts from their urban fabric with the creation of a physical barrier in the form of a fence, as well as mentally by limiting the development of social diversity through the creation of enclaves only available to higher social status representatives. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Our neighborhood stands as it used to So many of us became poor herein Our city stands as it used to Busy by day, few by night Separately rather, yet collectively In one apartment, like kamikaze We dont suffer from money or power Yet this collectively does our heads in Staszczyk, Z. (2006): T-Love Ã…Å ¡cierwo (Carcass) The rapid social class transformation in terms of cultural preferences, work, consumption and rest models of the neo-liberal middle class citizens has been widely described by GƦdecki (2009: 103) whilst analyzing the swift widespread of Gated Communities in Poland. To describe these changes the author refers to the processes of gentrification and suburbanization. The first term has been originally used in American urban sociology to depict the prompt economical, social and cultural character change of a citys section, usually from a residential area inhabited by a miscellaneous range of tenants to an area predominantly occupied by higher class individuals. The latter relates to the middle class depopulation of city centers in favor of the expansion of suburban areas resulting from the development of transport infrastructure and the perception of suburban modernity in contrast to city centre lower class orthodoxy (GƦdecki: 91). Curiously, GƦdecki (2009 : 106) citing Neil Smith considers that the driving forces of these processes are not so much class transformations, but discrepancies between actual and potential land values (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106). These discrepancies gave development agencies the opportunity to seek reimbursement for the expansion of otherwise derelict city parts. The author noticed that publicly funded urban development of cities serves to mobilize and develop the real estate market (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106), as well as that these processes have no affect on social diversity, but instead allow to take control of citys political and cultural economy (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106) and take the attention away from fundamental issues such as: land ownership and property value speculations (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106). This free market opportunity, lack of adequate planning regulations, increasing fear of crime, caused by the lack of confidence in the capacity of the state to protect its citizens, consequently amplified protection endeavour, has been spotted and exploited by housing developers and relapses in the shape of private clubs for selected citizens. Increasing validity of development companies involvement and contribution (Madanipour: 2007 [1998]) together with failure in introducing reputable Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) programme as well as theories such as Oscar Newmans Defensible Space (1996), has led to privatisation of space at unprecedented before scale. Over the past decade the increasing privatisation of space in the form of gated enclaves has been one of the main discourse topics amongst architectural, urban and sociological loops of Polish society. In many instances it has been pejoratively compared to a contemporary form of ghettos (GƦdecki: 2009, Zaborska: 2006 et al.). This rundown section of cities has been extensively depicted in Martyna Obarskas essay (2008), in which the author uses Calimanis The History of Venetian Ghetto (2002) and eventually San Gerolamo as an example of a space completely separated from the citys context , where admittance was supervised by specially hired forces. Interestingly, not all inhabiting Jews negatively perceived the forming of ghettoes. On many occasions a closed off district has been associated with security, protecting the occupants from Christians discrimination, and where individuals choices have not been stigmatized. All Jews should live together in a housing quarter, such as the Ghetto near San Gerolamo. They should not walk around by night too. From inside of the ghetto, where the small bridge is positioned and its opposite side, two gates will be erected. They will be open able at dawn at the sound of the Maragon and closed by night, at midnight. The inhabitants will need to designate and pay a fee to four Christian guards to operate these [gates Author] San Gerolamo, Ghetto Decret: 1515 Calimani, R. The History of Venetian Ghetto (2002) Historically and conceptually closer to Poland is the Warsaw Ghetto the symbol of oppression and suffering of the Warsaw Jews. Formed within allocated city districts and separated from the rest of the city with an elevated wall during the II World War by the Nazi occupational authorities. This is the time when ghetto became the synonym of ignorance, filth and squalor and the thought horizons narrowness. Castellino (2005) remarks how the meaning of the term ghetto changes dramatically at different points of history. Although this words undertone has always been pejorative, the rationale behind forming ghettos in early Venetian times cannot be put on a par with them being ingloriously created during the governance of the Nazi regime during II World War. The Author believes that the term gated communities needs to be assessed against local rationales, as its undertone can recall more affirmative connotations in some urban settings, similarly to the two presented ghetto precedents. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the passion for improvisation, which demands that space and opportunity be at any price preserved. Buildings are used as a popular stage. They are all divided into innumerable, simultaneously animated theatres. Balcony, courtyard, window, gateway, staircase, roof are at the same time stages and boxes. Walter Benjamin One Way Street, 1924 THE NEW TREND (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Concrete slab estates Everyday I stand stock-still How can you build this s*** How can you breed And than not reign Over this bunch, that snuffels the same (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszewski, K. (2000): Kazik Chcem piwa! (I want beer!) The fashion for enclosed communities seem to gain new believers. Quiet green, The beech manor, Sky blue cirque, Sunny slope, Green apartment- these are some names that the developers want to lure their potential customers with, names that conjoin with a safe and happy living, a green garden, fun circus for your children and an equivalent comrades. But are those expectations being fulfilled? Or is this only a catchy marketing slogan that the developers happily use? According to the internet site Tabelaofert.pl the majority of new apartments on the market are situated on enclosed areas. Only in Warsaw (1.7 million citizens) on 106 available estates, 81 are fenced (69 of them are being guarded round the clock). The case looks differently in other large cities. In Wroclaw (0.8 million citizens) 18 in 31 investments are enclosed, Gdynia (0.4 million citizens)- 9 out of 16, Gdansk (0.6 million)- 11 out of 24 ( Poznan (0.8 million)- half of 16 new investments. Surprisingly, in the cultural capital of Poland, and the second largest city- Cracow (population of 1.2 million)- only 3 out of 14. These numbers actually confirm the states capitals citizens snobbish mind-set, feeling of being above other parts of the country and by implication- having the necessity of guarding their belongings from the conquest of citizens originated in other parts of Poland. Is there a new trend? Which social layers inhabit gated communities? How gated communities are being perceived? How gated communities in Poland are being advertised / marketed? Sympathetic naming of these developments to be highlighted (Quiet Green, The Beach Manor, Sky Blue Cirque, Sunny Slope, Green Apartment etc.) Costs of living in gated communities in Poland / How does it compare to the per capita income of an ordinary citizen? Does it exclude some social layers right from the start? Affordability It is enough to compare the appearance of neighbourhoods that are gated and non-gated to understand the reasons behind restricting access to several public spaces. Well-taken-care-of, carefully maintained, clean and well managed- it is almost exclusively those [neighbourhoods (PolaÅ„ska: 2010)] gated by high fences or watched over by guards. Devastated, worn-out, trampled, decorated with daubes on their walls, with cars parking wherever its possible- these are those opened to the public, where the order is theoretically supposed to be protected by the police, but nobody is protecting in practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ PiÄâ„ ¢kno Kapitalizmu (The Beauty of Capitalism) Majcherek, A. Gazeta Wyborcza, November 15, 2007 (translation: PolaÅ„ska: 2010) SOCIO-URBAN IMPACT OF GATED COMMUNITIES ____ (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Ajajajaj I think Ill leave the house Have a wonder around the city Ajajajaj Ajajajaj My estate is guarded Sometimes I feel here Like in Auschwitz Or in custody But I like it here I live here a while Although I wasnt born here Ive been always a visitor Ajajajaj (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staczyk, Z. (2001): T-Love ZÅ‚y Wtorek (Bad Tuesday) THE SOLUTION (CASE/COMPARISON STUDIES) CASE STUDIES: Two Gated Estates in SÅ‚upsk / Poland: Two estates situated in authors home town, which have been gated after the proposal put forward by the housing association has been voted for. One with a higher crime figure than the other. The author believes that the crime figures differ because of the setting of both of these enclaves. The fence creates only an aura of security. Estate 1: suburbs / surrounded by single family homes / new built hospital on the other side of the street / greenery well groomed (small patches of green space within) / no security (Defensible Space Theory O. Newman milieu- proof of frequent appearance of inhabitants) / one local shop, accessed from within the gated community (from residents interviews the gates had to be opened to the wider public [pedestrian access], as the local shop could not be supported by the clients from within the community only. The same problem has been encountered in Marina Mokotà ³w. -Estate 2: city centre / surrounded by various types of housing blocks / no local shop within gated community / local park possible thieves hide out? / no security (approx 200m) From residential interviews: both of these communities suffer from lack of internal open green / play space, mainly used for car parking shared Dogs not allowed to be taken for a walk within the gated blocks. Children play space: within the community (shared surface) or outside the gates. Comparing to Marina Mokotà ³w: Size of the gated communities 1 2 occupy one city block -Marina Mokotà ³w Warsaw / Poland KuryÅ‚owicz Associates Biggest new built gated community in Warsaw (22 ha). Number of units: 1500 (residential buildings, houses, residences). Overall green / play space within gated community: approx. 60%. From Architects interview (found on the web) original design: whole land to be fenced. Result: whole land fenced + individual buildings within the gated community fenced additionally. Highest quality materials used throughout / gardens, alleys, squares, fountains, waterfalls, pergolas, lake, internal roads within GC (city within a city?) / ground floor uses: trading posts, restaurants, bars, shops etc. (again, gates had to be opened to the wider public [pedestrian access], as the local shops could not be supported by the clients from within the community only: Crisis In Marina Mokotà ³w: barriers up Gazeta StoÅ‚eczna. 17 September 2009) encountered huge dissatisfaction / opposition from local residents. Off street car parking (insufficient number ) / underground car parking (additional fee) Bibliography_V3: Atkinson, R., Flint, J., Blandy, S., Lister, D. 2003. Gated Communities in England, New Horizons project: University of Glasgow and Sheffield Hallam University Bartoszewicz, D. 2009. Kryzys w Marinie Mokotà ³w: szlabany w gà ³rÄâ„ ¢ (Crisis In Marina Mokotà ³w: barriers up) Gazeta StoÅ‚eczna. 17 September Blakely, J., Snyder, M. 1997. Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States, Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution Press Blandy, S. 2007. Gated Communities in England as a response to crime and disorder: context, effectiveness and implication